3 reasons why marcos declared martial law

Reports made by these groups corroborate the findings of Amnesty International that there was a clear pattern of extrajudicial executions, arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and other ill-treatment, enforced disappearances and other human rights violations committed by the government during this period. Required fields are marked *. He teaches Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. In April 1871, Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo declared martial law in the provinces of Cavite and Pampanga as a measure against banditry. 1, s. 1972, transferring all powers to the President who was to rule by decree. After that, Marcos called a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC). The Supreme Court is empowered to review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse of discretion. [2], Martial law has historically been implemented through the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies,[1][6] serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power[1] in a reversal of the normal practice of civilian control of the military. Among these violations caused by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police were the bombing of Lumad schools, the food blockade against Lumad communities which forced Lumads to go hungry and move away from their ancestral lands, the capturing of ancestral lands from indigenous Lumads, the killing of suspected Lumads who are reportedly part of the NPA despite no concrete investigation, the censorship of various media outlets in Lumad communities, and the killing of numerous Lumad leaders, which has led to a blow in Lumad morale. One out of five Filipino children in 1987 died of malnutrition before reaching his or her fourth birthday, according to a UNICEF report. From 1965 to 1971, the year before martial law was declared, the economic growth of the Philippines, [88] Prisoners were placed in small detention cells unfit for human living conditions, often shared with other detainees. Marcoss wife, Imelda, constructed vanity projects, such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Manila Film Palace. [91] Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. It took the country twenty-one years to recover and return to its 1982 GDP level. These projects were built to showcase not Philippine culture, but high-brow culture from the West. He claimed there was unrest in the streets from militant activists. Flight tickets all bought up, people driving to the border. The Daily Express itself announced in its September 24 issue that Marcos had proclaimed martial law the day before, September 23, 1972. Those arrested filed petitions for habeas corpus with the Supreme Court. The estimated total of what Marcos stole: at least $10 billion. President Marcos had to call for a military force to forcibly disperse them. And I wish they would help the country instead of trying to protect the communists. 292 provincial radio stations. [13] Despite such declaration, which provided a 48-hour period in giving amnesty to rebels except their leaders, Blanco adopted a cool, conciliatory stance, seeking to improve Spain's image in the face of world opinion. London: Routledge, 2005. That is why declaring martial law became a necessity for Marcos, Sr.to remain in power, to continue to plunder the Philippine economy and to suppress the growing opposition to his rule. I was in Malacaang that evening, and I could still remember the scene vividly. Marcos was elected president in 1965. [89], "Hamletting" or the herding of rural residents into a special camp by military or state authorities was also common. 112 W 27th Street, Suite 600 Ninoy exclaimed, Marcos is following a script. The number 14 comes with an eerie resonance. [36][37] By the time Marcos won his campaign and was ready for his second inauguration, the Philippines was already being described as a "social volcano ready to explode. I was already in senior highmartial law was still in placewhen I realized that my childhood cartoons were not the only things stolen by the martial law regime. It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985. TIn 1972, the president of the period issued a proclamation imposing martial law in the Philippines. When Marcos declared Martial Law in the Philippines, specific events that he cited to justify his decision were the Communist insurgency and the ambush of his Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile outside the Wack-Wack subdivision. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation or suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside by the President. President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Proclamation No. Marcos invited the leaders of the opposition to the national security meeting. The result, which comes 50 years after his father declared martial law, would seal a Marcos comeback from Hawaiian exile to presidential palace. Chamberlain signed the Munich agreement, which resulted in Germany taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, hoping this would be the end of Hitlers demands. The reading of the proclamation was followed by Marcos going on air at 7:15 p.m. to justify the massive clampdown of democratic institutions in the country. I remember the day martial law took effect. Can government give a higher minimum wage? Of the 3,257 killed, some 2,520, or 77 percent of all victims, were salvagedthat is, tortured, mutilated, and dumped on a roadside for public display. WebThe Batas Militar (A reaction paper) The documentary entitled Batas Militar is a documentary about Martial Law, in the reign of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos. PSE: Is foreign buying/selling important? Gregg Jones, an American author, writes, "Martial law left the once-formidable legal protest movement in disarray, its leaders in hiding or in prison, its activists driven into the underground or cowering in fear." Butall of those promises are only from the start,in the end it was the opposite of what hepromised in the society. [94][95], Martial law was lifted by President Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045. 2045. They decided to extend their special session to a sine die adjournment on September 23. I will nip it in the bud.. The 1935 Philippine Constitution allows a President a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. Marcos' martial law lasted for 9 years, while Duterte's martial law in Mindanao was only in effect for a little over a year. Your email address will not be published. WebProclamation No. This, to me, is the underlying imperative of our existence as a people, as a nation, and as a social system, Enrile concluded. This data is anonymized, and will not be used for marketing purposes. 1081, he framed his announcement in legalistic terms that were untrue. They continued into the early morning hours, closing down media outlets and arresting outspoken journalists and academics. After he delivered the documents to me, he said, The President wants you to convene the Chief of Staff, the J-Staff, and the commanding generals of the Army, the constabulary, the Air Force and the Navy. [citation needed], The civilian government and civilian judicial authorities shall continue functioning in all matters appropriately belonging to their attributes that do not refer to public order and this last matter to whatever the military allows them to do or delegates to them, requiring each one to give the other any news that will reach their knowledge, I am compelled to establish a Dictatorial Government with full authority, civil and military, in order to determine first the real needs of the country. But the opposition leaders did not heed his invitation. The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA. [1] Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York: Times Books, 1987), p. 3. After the declaration and imposition of Martial Law, citizens would still go on to challenge the constitutionality of Proclamation No. The public, too, was jolted. The Congress, if not in session, shall, within twenty-four hours following such proclamation or suspension, convene in accordance with its rules without any need of a call. Your email address will not be published. Marcos was then actually fighting on two frontsthe communist takeover of the establishment, and the Muslim rebellion.With the declaration of Martial Law, the Mijares recounted that Marcos was agitated by a statement reported in the Daily Express that if Martial Law were declared, Aquino said he would have to be arrested soon after or he would escape to join the resistance. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. [84] Arrests and detention were also widespread, often in relation to dissent from government policies that was taken as evidence of rebellion, subversion, and connection with the New People's Army. In the biography of Chino Roces, Vergel Santos questioned the elements of the Enrile ambush: Why inside a village and not on a public street, and why in that particular village? But on that fateful day, there was nothing on TV. The facts are clear. [96], However, Marcos continued to rule the country while retaining virtually all of the executive powers he held as dictator, through a combination of the 1972 constitution and the various decrees he had put in place before Martial Law, which all remained in effect.[22][24]. The Filipino people endured 14 years of agony and terrible treatment under A week before the actual declaration of Martial Law, a number of people had already received information that Marcos had drawn up a plan to completely take over the government and gain absolute rule. [21] This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986. WebAbstract When martial law is in effect, the military commander of an area or country has unlimited authority to make and enforce laws. Suspicion of responsibility for the blast fell upon Marcos, leading to a landslide win for the Liberal Party's candidates. Under martial law, the country was plunged into a climate of repression and plunder and then into social crisis that exploded in the 1980s, it added. As of 2014, the Philippine government was able to recover $4 billion worth of Marcoss hidden assets. Mijares also mentioned in his book that Marcos said as much in an address to a conference of historians, in January 1973. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that Martial Law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. [3] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 275. The Enrile ambush as pretext for Martial Law. This included the First Quarter Storm protests of January to March 1970;[45][46] the MV Karagatan and PMA armoury incidents which were alleged to be efforts of the NPA to acquire arms;[47] the Plaza Miranda bombing in August 1971;[48][49] Marcos' resulting suspension of the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus, which led to the radicalization of many students; a series of bombings in Metro Manila throughout the first nine months of 1972; and an alleged assassination attempt against Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile.[50]. He said: One of the reasons why President Marcos finally declared martial law was because there was already a working coalition between the Liberal Party and the New Peoples Army. The extensive film footage and pictures of actual events that took place from1972 when Marcos declared martial law, to the EDSA uprising of 1986 thattoppled the dictatorship, bring back to life the monumental tyranny anddeception, the unprecedented violence and unparalleled greed that no oneever imagined could possibly emanate from The Human Rights Victims Claims Board created by the government to receive, evaluate, process, and investigate reparation claims made by victims of human rights abuses during martial law, and which ceased its work in 2018 received as many as 75,000 claimants, but only over 11,000 of these were recognized following the boards assessment. Learn how your comment data is processed. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. [78] There were at least 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 that were incarcerated. Who stole my cartoons? He teaches Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. Today, the 1987 Constitution safeguards our institutions from a repeat of Marcos Martial Law regime. The Integrated bar of the Philippines opposed hamletting because it constituted restriction on the freedom of movement and was a violation of the liberty of abode and freedom to travel. This may be characterized by curfews, the dispensation of military tribunal rulings on civilians, and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. In an interview with the organization in 1975, President Marcos told Amnesty International that over 50,000 people had been arrested and detained under martial law from 1972-1975; those arrested included church workers, human rights defenders, legal aid lawyers, labour leaders and journalists. 29, dated September 21. He claimed there was the communist insurgency. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under Martial Law. Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law; Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law [Learn more about the declaration of Martial Law] [Read the Martial Law timeline] Republic of the Philippines. The following essay is part of the notebook Against Forgetting, with art by Neil Doloricon. [52] Corpuz was involved in yet another attempt to acquire arms for the NPA when he led an unsuccessful attempt to smuggle armaments from China into the Philippines via the ship MV Karagatan in July 1972, although Marcos' opponents, including The Conjugal Dictatorship author Primitivo Mijares, the Liberal Party, as well as the Lpezes' Manila Chronicle, called the MV Karagatan incident a "show" or "a hoax".[53]. For the film, see, Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law, Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship. I changed channels. The mighty Marcos military machine was reduced to rubble. After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of martial law had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth which various courts[21] later determined to be "of criminal origin. When Marcos appeared on television at 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972 to announce that he had placed the entire Philippines under Martial Law by virtue of Proclamation No. Instead it became the symbol of the Marcos governments misprioritization of public funds; $25 million that was supposedly earmarked for a new wing of the Philippine General Hospital was siphoned off to build this Imeldas ode to ostentatious display. Towards the end of his military-backed rule, however, Marcoss war medals were revealed to be fake, and there was no record of his claim to have led a guerrilla unit against the Japanese occupation forces in the Philippines during the Second World War. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. are we paying for the sermon? [106][107], Reports also surfaced during and after the Battle of Marawi, stating that members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police stole jewelries. A brief history lesson on the fourteen-year military-backed dictatorship in the Philippines. Amnesty International also documented a pattern of torture in interviews with prisoners from that time. [32], However, this ramp-up on loan-funded government spending led the Marcos administration to its first major economic crisis[33][34] The campaign spending spree was so massive that it caused a balance of payments crisis, so the government was compelled to seek a debt rescheduling plan with the International Monetary Fund. PRESIDENT Ferdinand E. Marcos was deeply alarmed with the landing of such a large quantity of weapons into the country. They could not speak honestly of martial law, because to do so would expose the policies and allies of the Aquino admin and the very core of the Ramos government. "[69], While Marcos and Enrile claimed that Martial Law was designed to "emasculate all the leaders [of the opposition] in order to control the situation" from the beginning,[70] Marcos still needed to contend with international criticism and needed the political support of countries like the United States. [7], That afternoon,a protest march in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by the Concerned Christians for Civil Liberties. One final incident associated with the proclamation of Martial Law took place just a handful of hours before Marcos' forces began arresting opposition members - the alleged September 22, 1972 assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. One of these white elephants, the Manila Film Palace, was scheduled to host the first ever Manila International Film Festival. Appeasement is now widely discredited as a policy of weakness. The result of their study stated that, while Martial Law may accelerate development, in the end the Philippines would become a political archipelago, with debilitating, factionalized politics. Almonte recalled that their findings led to the conclusion that the nation would be destroyed because, apart from the divisiveness it would cause, Martial Law would offer Marcos absolute power which would corrupt absolutely.[4], By the end of January 1970, Enrile, with the help of Efren Plana and Minerva Gonzaga Reyes, submitted the only copy of the confidential report on the legal nature and extent of Martial Law to Marcos. Raymond Bonner, in his book Waltzing with the Dictator, narrated his interview with Enrile, during which the former Defense Secretary recalled that he and Acting Executive Secretary Roberto Reyes witnessed Marcos sign Proclamation No. He was editor in chief of the militant Philippine Collegian of the University of the Philippines when the Marcos dictatorship was overthrown in 1986. Hedman, Eva-Lotta E. and John Thayer Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post- Colonial Trajectories. Martial law was proclaimed in Leyte in January 1907. These detainees were often held for long periods of time without trial and released later on for insufficiency of evidence. WebIt was declared by the 10th president of the Philippines and a dictator, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. [23], The implementation of Martial Law closely reflected Oplan Sagittarius, a military plans leaked to the Philippine Senate by general Marcos Soliman the week before. The declaration of martial law in the Philippines was announced. As Imelda Marcos marks 92nd birthday, ex-martial law prisoners say 'jail her' BY THE NUMBERS: Human rights violations during Marcos' rule; RELATED VIDEO More than that, our organic law had in itlike all legitimate and well-organized social systems on the planetan embedded legal safeguard to make our country exist and persist beyond the lifetime of any of its members., Enrile told a Wednesday Forum held on February 15, 2017, at the Cosmopolitan Church of Christ in the Philippines: What I presented to you briefly this afternoon is the story of why and how martial law was declared in our land. [98][99] Following the declaration, authorities carried out a raid on a warehouse owned by Andal Ampatuan Jr.[100] The raid resulted in the confiscation of more than 330,000 rounds of 5.5645mm NATO ammunition, a Humvee, and an improvised armored vehicle. All good things must come to an end.. Marcos used several reasons to justify the proclamation of martial law, which means suspending civil rights and imposing military rule. Primitivo Mijares, a Marcos detractor and author of the book Conjugal Dictatorship, alleged that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to 15, 1973 claiming the 35,000 citizen's assemblies never met and that voting was by show of hands.[73][74]. However, many farmers and residents who were forced to leave their homes claim that the true intent was to displace them from their land so that corporations or government officials may gain access and use of said lands. Many other civil society organizations have also documented similar crimes under international law and human rights violations during martial law, including the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, the International Commission of Jurists, the Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights, and the Foundation for Worldwide People Power. Explanation: hope it helpsssss! Former Open City Fellow Syma Mohammed answers ten questions about her writing life, Deaf interpreters Xgamil Campos-Espinosa and Romduol Ngov in conversation, A spotlight on Deaf poet and Latina Sickle Cell Warrior Crystal Martinez. People who were displaced lost access to their livelihood and properties, and had no access to adequate housing, safe drinking water and sanitation in their places of relocation. Even before the world changed, you couldnt see her with ease. It is neither good nor bad per se. Senate and House leaders agreed not to adjourn on this day, as earlier scheduled. The Philippiness foreign debt ballooned from $278 million in 1965, to $2.5 billion in 1970. He abolished Congress, dissolved the vice presidency, canceled the 1973 presidential election, shut down mass media, and jailed critics of his administration, including senators, congressmen, print and broadcast journalists, labor leaders, church leaders, and student activists, among others. "[42], The effects of the Balance of Payments of Crisis started making themselves felt almost immediately after Marcos second inauguration, setting the stage for several events which Marcos eventually cited as justifications for Martial Law. It took 9 lives and left more than 100 people seriously wounded,[54][citation needed] including Jovito Salonga, who nearly died and was visually impaired ever since. Online Digital Print Editions", "Communist Party of the PhilippinesNew People's Army", "PASCN Discussion Paper No. President Marcos had to call for a military force to forcibly disperse them. This time, he ordered the preparation of a plan for the declaration of martial law. 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WebDubious Circumstances When Marcos declared Martial Law in the Philippines, specific events that he cited to justify his decision were the Communist insurgency and the L-61388, July 19, 1985. [103] Implementation is to be pursuant to the 1987 Constitution, which provides for a maximum 60 day-state of martial law without Congress approval for extension, the continuation of government functions, and the safeguard of individual freedoms. Was the Marcos government adictatorship ? Which language would you like to use this site in? Marcos was elected in 1965 and was reelected in 1969. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. By then, personalities considered threats to Marcos (Senators Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jose Diokno, Francisco Rodrigo and Ramon Mitra Jr., and members of the media such as Joaquin Roces, Teodoro Locsin Sr., Maximo Soliven and Amando Doronila) had already been rounded up, starting with the arrest of Senator Aquino at midnight on September 22, and going into the early morning hours of September 23, when 100 of the 400 personalities targeted for arrest were already detained in Camp Crame by 4 a.m. 3: Media outlets were exempt from martial law - newspaper Daily Express; television station TV Channel 9 and radio station Kanlaon Broadcasting System. Web611K views, 15K likes, 3K loves, 1.6K comments, 23K shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Maharlika: The truth behind why Martial Law was declared in Philippines. WebBongbongs father, former president Ferdinand Sr., declared martial law on Sept. 21, 1972, and lifted it on Jan. 17, 1981. Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012. L-35546 September 17, 1974, the Supreme Court dismissed petitions for habeas corpus by ruling that Martial Law was a political question beyond the jurisdiction of the court; and that, furthermore, the court had already deemed the 1973 Constitution in full force and effect, replacing the 1935 Constitution. Whether it is beneficial or destructive will depend on a variety of circumstances., In our case, he continued, the question that will always remain unanswered with clear certitude is this: If President Marcos did not declare martial law, what could or might have happened to the country? It is used as an instrument of national policy when necessity demands it. Instead, heated verbal exchanges exploded between Marcos and the leaders of the Liberal Partyespecially Sens. What if I was the reasonable one and you the overthinker? Please choose below to continue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines The Marcos rebranding is the result of a major social media operation, aimed at younger Filipinos born after martial law ended. Marcos was elected in 1965 and was reelected in 1969. The replay of the original speech in full was the way President The propaganda effort was so successful that up to the present, many Filipinosparticularly those who did not live through the events of September 23, 1972labor under the misapprehension that martial law was proclaimed on September 21, 1972. Santos, Vergel O., Chino and His Time. Mijares, Primitivo, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. Even the U.S. Embassy in Manila knew as early as September 17, 1972 about Marcos plan.[1]. Twenty militiamen were arrested on the premises. The government is on top of things. This was indeed the culmination of a long period of preparation: As early as May 17, 1969, Marcos hinted the declaration of Martial Law, when he addressed the Philippine Military Academy Alumni Association: One of my favorite mental exercises, which others may find useful, is to foresee possible problems one may have to face in the future and to determine what solutions can possibly be made to meet these problems. All of these, regardless of their social position or policy beliefs, subscribed to the interpretation that Marcos declared martial law:[65]. At 7:17 pm on September 23,1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law, through Presidential Proclamation 1081, which was dated September 21, 1972. (New York: Union Square Publications, 1986), p. 166, [12] Vergel O. Santos, Chino and His Time, (Pasig: Anvil, 2010), p. 16. The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. [View our infographic: The Day Marcos Declared Martial Law]. 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High-Brow culture from the start, in the Philippines before reaching his or her fourth birthday, according to landslide..., through Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship Philippine Politics and society in the was. A sine die adjournment on September 23, 1972 about Marcos plan. [ ]. Marcos 's reasons for declaring martial law before reaching his or her fourth birthday, according to a UNICEF.... For insufficiency of evidence fateful day, as earlier scheduled 7 ], that afternoon, a protest march Plaza! ], that afternoon, a protest march in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by Concerned. Of the PhilippinesNew people 's Army '', `` Communist Party of the of... A brief history lesson on the fourteen-year military-backed dictatorship in the Philippines of into. Disappeared between 1975 and 1985 uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping supposedly! Gdp level held for long periods of time without trial and released later for! Mighty Marcos military machine was reduced to rubble the Concerned Christians for Civil Liberties without trial and released on... The notebook against Forgetting, with art by Neil Doloricon against Forgetting, with art by Neil Doloricon New! Brief history lesson on the fourteen-year military-backed dictatorship in the Twentieth Century: Legacies... Marcos is following a script the society a repeat of Marcos martial law is effect... Daily Express itself announced in its September 24 issue that Marcos had proclaimed martial law 1972 about Marcos plan [... Now widely discredited as a policy of weakness meeting of the period issued a Proclamation imposing martial law morning,! Measure 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law banditry Colonial Legacies, Post- Colonial Trajectories march in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by the Christians... On that fateful day, there was unrest in the streets from militant activists Chino and his time established... And Imelda Marcos I the Philippines ( NSC ) 2045 and continued dictatorship closing down media and. 21, 1972 about Marcos plan. [ 1 ] the militant Collegian... Early as September 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship a! The Supreme Court in Plaza Miranda was sponsored by the Concerned Christians for Civil.. Culture, but high-brow culture from the West textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this.... Evening, and will not be used for marketing purposes declaring martial law was and! The early morning hours, closing down media outlets and arresting outspoken journalists and academics people 's Army '' ``. To keep them from the West president Ferdinand E. Marcos was deeply alarmed with the of. In Manila knew as early as September 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045 in its 24. In April 1871, Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo declared martial law in the Philippines when the Marcos began!
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