The Mayoyao regions version of the lubu (great flood) explains that Wigan of the skyworld caused the lubu so that it would erode and flatten the surface of the earth, hence enabling him to hunt more successfully for stag with his dogs. National Nutrition Council. Boys are taught to hunt, use arms, work in the field, and learn the family genealogy. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Only rice is served during rites and feasts. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. The Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel was soon constructed in the municipality of Banaue. Thus, the house can be disassembled, transferred to another site, and reassembled within a day. All baskets have a natural resilience due to the nature of rattan. Another ritual sculpture is the komis (fern tree figure), which has a protective function. Cimatu, Frank. Among the percussion instruments, the gangsa or gangha (gongs) are the most popular. Dolor, Danny. Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the peace pact institution of the bodong. National Statistics Office. Every ritual follows a general pattern. It consists of 11 municipalitiesBanaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao (Mayaoyao), Alfonso Lista (Potia), Aguinaldo, Hingyon, Tinoc, and Asipulowith Lagawe as the provincial capital. 1929. But as the traditional political governance became integrated into the national political system, local elections dealt a big blow to warlordism. Enkiwe-Abayao, Leah. They are represented as humans, cocks, boar, or ducks that serve as the medium of the deities. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. In wedding rituals, the mombaki inspects the bile of the sacrificial animals to read the wishes of the gods. The hape, which is for the wealthy, is usually worn by the young and has three pieces. Ritual songs are sung during religious occasions. At the right hand corner of the house, a few inches lower than the floor, is a fireplace under and around which soil is spread out. Employment opportunities were created. The corpse is placed on a hangdel (chair) while a munwahiwa (caretaker for the dead) guards the corpse against flies and dirt. Each family or relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the death ritual. Government programs have had little impact on the economic conditions of the people. When the American troops came, the Ifugao were astonished at the difference between them and Aguinaldos troops. Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Each type of textile reflects particular social functions. The Constabulary uniform was adopted to the Ifugao manner of dressing: a khaki shirt with sleeve insignia, cartridge belt, a specially designed loincloth, the traditional hip bag for the men, a padang worn around both legs, and a single-shot Springfield rifle. They used hardwoods and timbers for their post. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. The poor mans G-string is the plain white tinannong, about 2 meters long and 15 centimeters wide. This helps in determining who to invite to feasts and gatherings that require the presence of relatives. These consist of betel nut, chicken claw, feathers, rice wine, pigs, dogs, and chickens. Its two ends hang loose in front and at the back, and reach down to the knees. During the First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema, Gerardo de Leon made Ifugao, 1954, an adaptation of a series in Hiwaga Komiks. The mamonghal (leader priest) assigns the different deities to the priests present. Beautiful views from the village of Kiangan, Ifugao (in the Cordillera mountains of the northern Luzon province in the Philippines) Kara's mother Jean is Pedro's daughter and was a nurse in . The dance is repeated, and an old man runs out to remove the spears. Manila: One-Man Show Studio. They're unique among all ethnic groups in North Luzon for their interesting customs and traditions. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. However, its roof is made of tightly fitted wooden planks to ensure that rats cannot get in. In recent times, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which rots and is highly flammable. All the regions of the universe are inhabited by thousands of deities and spirits; yet, there is no supreme deity. Sam Isleta. When all this stored rice has been consumed, the apui is performed. Igorot: A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. But when a custom or law is violated, the victim must seek justice. Perhaps the most sought after Ifugao item by collectors, there are perhaps more bu'lul outside of Ifugao. Those who have gone to formal school use proverbs in their lectures before large gatherings or meetings. Nearly all rites are performed underneath the house or granary, except for hunting, headhunting, and aiyag, which are performed in the forest. Studies on Kalinga Ullalim and Ifugao Orthography. The father has the final say in family activities such as work in the fields, childrens care and training, and feasts. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 32 slides Folk arts and design of luzon Lucille Ballares 191.4k views 12 slides MAPEH 7 : ARTS (First Quarter Jo Anne Buenafe-Milladas 102.3k views Slideshows for you (20) Arts 7: Personal Ornaments of the People of Luzon AillineLeonador2 4.1k views Arts and crafts of mindanao John John 251.1k views Folk arts and designs of luzon 1 The Hudhud hi Aliguyon (Hudhud of Aliguyon) is about the battle lasting several years between Aliguyon from the village of Hannanga and Pumbakhayon from the village of Daligdigan. 2010. In 1966, Ifugao became a province through Republic Act No. Manila: MCS Enterprises Inc. . One end is buried 50 centimeters into the ground, along with stones firmly placed around the posts to steady them. The traditional kinship system of the Ifugao has also been manipulated by traditional politicians. 1912. If the dead were rich, there is gong playing and dancing. The rite against sickness is called agba, which determines which deity is causing a persons sickness. Rice Gods of the Ifugao. Arts of Asia 4 (January-February): 20-29. They serve as old peoples homes, as dwellings of poor people, or as the childrens dormitories. The inggalgaletget, made of two pieces joined together, is for working in the rice paddies. The brass bikkung is slightly thinner than the bamboo bikkung but serves the same purpose. On one or both sides of the containers, animal heads protrude. When a person stands on the ground, the floor is about shoulder height. Apocalypse Yesterday Already! Linguistic boundaries, however, are not quite as clearly delineated. The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands. National Geographic Magazine 24 (November): 1157-1256. The kindred would come together and plan for meals that form part of the death ritual. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Unlike the Wittfogelian model, Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. Baradas, David, curator. The Philippines: Past and Present. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. Accessed 8 August. There are five kinds of tapis. The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Houses are arranged according to the shape of the terraces. By 2001, worm infestation, the lack of water, and neglect had caused the terraces to be added to the, Ifugao warrior (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao ritual in Batad, circa 1980 (SIL International), Bulul, Tuwali, Ifugao, circa 1980 (SIL International), Ifugao house bale with rat guards (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao woman using a traditional loom, 1990 (CCP Collections), Ifugao headgear with kalaw beak, 1990 (CCP Collections), The ulbong, a rice storage basket, circa 1970 (UP Diliman Anthropology Museum), Cordillera bulul (David Baradas Collection), Ifugao epic hero Aliguyon commanding crocodiles to form a bridge for him (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), A pregnant Bugan diving into the sea in search of Ngilin Mangongols rice granary (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), Ifugao children singing the Hudhud, 1993 (Museo Pambata), Ritual dance, Imelda Park, Baguio City, circa 1990 (CCP Collections), Poster of Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006 (Vic Acedillo, photo courtesy of Benjamin Garcia), McKay, Deirde, and Padmapani L. Perez. Weaving is traced to a certain deity called Punholdayan. During World War II, schools were operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught. 2012. The hangbo are red and yellow designs, woven at both ends of the G-string. Impact: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Sustainable Tourism and the Preservation of the World Heritage Site of the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. A binuhlan G-string has a large red stripe called habak in its middle and literally means the be-enemy-ed. The use of the color red, the color of blood, refers to the sun deity, who is the god of war. 7 August. BANAUE, Ifugao The Tuwali dialect spoken in the upland towns of Kiangan, Hingyon, Hungduan, Asipulo, Lagawe, Banaue, and parts of Lamut, or seven of the 12 towns of Ifugao province in northern Philippines, has been given a "Bantayog ng Wika" marker, recognizing its relevance to Philippine culture. 1957. Lorrin, Rosario. Teaching in an Ifugao Community. Philippine Education 10 (2): 32-33. The G-string is generally made of dark blue (almost black) cloth, with a red stripe running lengthwise in the middle, between two yellow, or occasionally red, lines, which either touch the middle stripe immediately or are woven at some distance from it. Baguilat, Raymundo. The traditional Ifugao hamlet or village is small; thus, chiefs and heads develop very few followers. Ethnic Houses and Philippine Artistic Expression. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. IFUGAO, Philippines Aided by a pair of glasses and a traditional short, curved dagger, 69-year-old farmer Rosita Gano harvests rice grains, one stalk after another, using only one hand, a . Boys from the mombaki bloodline are trained to recite the baki (myths). Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. Pumbakhayon returns to his village with Aginaya to celebrate their own marriage. Indigenous cuisine, woodcarving, rattan and loom weaving were highlights in this year's Imbayah Festival held in Banaue town on April 26 to 29. Mainly in the Ayangan area of Banaue, the funi is believed to be the supernatural power possessed by individuals who are envious or jealous and is activated even without the intent to render illness to others. The death and burial rituals involve several steps: the vigil over the corpse, which is tied to a chair; the cutting of the string tied to the finger of the widow and the finger of the corpse; the procession to the place of burial; the walling up of the corpse in the burial place; and the ceremonies to send off the dead persons soul. Philippine Basketry: An Appreciation. Ifugao status was seen through the size of their rice fields, material things they . By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Dancing, meanwhile, takes center stage during rituals, religious activities, and special occasions. This headdress consists of the skull of a scarlet hornbill supported by rattan, which is covered by a ceremonial sash. During harvest rituals, the libbit, a small conical drum, is added to the ensemble. When the earth is dry again, they go down to Otobon Valley and settle on the hill of Kiangan, where they live undisturbed with their many children. Since rice production is dependent on rainwater, an irrigation system has been developed, requiring the building of pipelines, conveyors, and sluices. Disputes were settled by one of three main methods: ug-gub (dart throwing); bultong (wrestling); and the boiling water ordeal, now obsolete. Philip, also known as Ip-pig, is an Ifugao who became a Christian and lived in Manila. When Kabigat comes for her, she plunges into the sea and finds herself at Ngilin Mangongols rice granary. 1989. 1975. While the Ifugao rice culture draws most of the attention because of the terraces, Imbayah casts more light on the artisan culture that has grown around the terraces. traditional indigenous culture without so much changes made. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. 1906. Aside from being deity worshipers, they are also nature and ancestor worshipers The major gods include: Liddium Punholdayan Hinumbian Ampual Wigan Yogyog Weaving is the exclusive task of Ifugao women. Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy.NEDA-CAR. Asian Awards for Ifugao. Philstar.net. The carvings, together with offerings of wine and ritual boxes, are placed near the priests. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. The bale are small houses with a floor area of around 12 to 15 square meters, raised above the ground on four posts. Every stage of production requires a meticulous ceremony lasting for about six weeks. The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan. 1966. Thoughts? Cordillera Chronology. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. The langitang is generally used during burial rituals to drive away spirits and revenge rituals for a slain Ifugao. 1974. The Ifugao Hagabi. Folklore Studies 17: 207-209. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. Manila: The Bookmark, Inc. Lauzon, Lucenio Martin L., Robert James de Roque, and Alex Nicolas P. Tamayo. Myrtle Matzger, an American Protestant missionary founded the Ifugao Academy in 1930. Those who were captured during head-taking excursions belong to the nawotwot (lower class). We've updated our privacy policy. 4695. Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 8 (2): 85-116. Obusan, Ramon, director. It also reinforced lowland perception of their highland compatriots as being backward and unchanging. When recited, myths are followed by the tulud (to push), which aims to bring to the ritual venue the principal actor of the myth or the powers or beings that stand behind the myth (Barton 1955, 8). The kadangyan were the elite land owners of rice fields, the tagu were kadangyan relatives who did not hold elite status, and the nawotwot who were considered poor worked for the kadangyan. The culture of the Ifugao - centered around the rice terraces and the traditions therein - may have finally met its match unless growing tourist interest finds a way to bring it back to its prime. Aside from dances, the rituals constitute the forms of drama among the Ifugao. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Regular military operations in the region have slowed down development work. Daguio, Amador T. 1952. Ifugao Culture and History. During that time, the Philippines was becoming the center of filmmaking in Asia, and showcasing ethnic groups was a festival trend. Possession by the deities occurs after the pig or other sacrificial animal has been offered. The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. The priest commands the deity to come, and through the priest, the deity makes his or her presence felt through the possession note tsay-ay-ay (Kiangan) or Ki-ye-e-e-eh (Central Ifugao). New York: The MacMillan Co. Zabilka, Gladys. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. De los Reyes, Angelo J., and Aloma M. de los Reyes, eds. . 2012. The film dramatizes the struggles of the Ifugao against the American colonizers. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. The lower part is about chest- or waist-high from the floor. It is believed to hasten the ripening of the rice grains. The hipag are minor war deities. The gamit, worn by the affluent, is made of two equal pieces of cloth joined together by a takdang stitch, consisting of red and white threads alternating with white and yellow. Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. The gangsa is an ensemble of three or four flat gongs played in special rhythms, while the gangha is made of brass or bronze. Hudhud hi Aliguyon: A Translation of an Ifugao Harvest Song. MA thesis, Stanford University. Trail building helped break down the isolation of communities created by years of tribal warfare. Marriage between cousins up to the fourth degree is looked upon with disdain. The upper part reaches to a little above the head. . Ifugao myths tell of hero-ancestors or gods who managed to solve problems similar to those faced by the modern Ifugao. The bulol are still being carved for commercial purposes, such as those being sold to tourists. There are about five kinds of skirts. Villaverde, Juan. Manila: Bureau of Printing. Character description [ edit] The main characters in "The God Stealer" are Philip Latak and Sam Cristie. The mens necklaces are the balitok, a C-shaped string worn tight at the base of the neck that has two to eight pieces of gold, silver, or copper; the pang-o (amber beads), which are added to the balitok but hang lower; and a tight necklace of trapezoidal shells. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Lorica, Loreto Q. Ifugao headhunting continued, however, this time with American soldiers as target. Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. They beat the gongs with their hands, the right hand giving the downward stroke, the left hand serving to dampen the sound. Quezon City: GCF Books. Baguio City: Cordillera Schools Group. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. New York: Brewer and Warren. Although the social organization of the Ifugao differs remarkably from the Balinese, the intensive agricul-tural system and management of irrigation are similar. In 1979, several hundreds of Ifugao natives were recruited to play Montagnard Indians in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now. When in groups, the Ifugao use proverbs to give advice to the young. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. The agba comes in two forms: the spanning of the stick, where the name of the right deity or class of deity is mentioned, during which the stick is believed to grow longer, and the buyun or the balancing of the egg, bean, or any oval-shaped object on a knife blade. The Headhunters of Northern Luzon; From Ifugao to Kalinga, a Ride through the Mountains of Northern Luzon, with an Appendix on the Independence of the Philippines. It has dark blue designs that represent linuhhong (mortars), tinatagu (men), inulog (snakes), bittuon (stars), bannia (iguanas), and hinolgat (spears). The poorer Ifugao use bamboo for their walls. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. The bayaong, if worn, covers the upper torso from the neck to the waistline. Animals are sacrificed during the wake. The Ifugaos woven textiles are associated with religious belief and rituals. ARTS OF This paper documents and presents the Ifugao muyong system as an ANR strategy within the context of traditional forest management. The babbong is a rattan strip instrument usually played by children before harvest time. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Once the fields have been planted and there is sufficient firewood stored, the father can enjoy himself attending feasts, drinking, and gambling, or he may choose to help with the household chores. Both the husband and wife can reclaim the wealth and property they owned before their marriage. In 1889, Governor-General Valeriano Weyler fomented division by underscoring lowland and highland differences. The province is known for its rice terraces that are found in nine upland municipalities. Two years later, Marcos issued a provision on the decree, penalizing modification, alteration, repair, or destruction of the original features of the terraces. He was expected to bring a fair amount of betel nuts and the chewing instruments so that everybody could share in the chewing session. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin. Scott, William Henry. Wisconsin: American Anthropological Association. Chanting or singing can be done either by one individual, such as when putting a child to sleep, or, more often, by a group, which may have a lead chanter or singer. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. [Candle]). The split kokolongkoy can be used for the butit (locust jar). But American superiority in battle and the respect they afforded the Ifugao in these battles made these changes more acceptable. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. In 1849, for instance, the Ifugao in Mayoyao asked for a priest and built a church in their village. The Kiangan Ifugao weave six types of G-strings. A pig tied by its hooves to a pole follows the warriors. When bathed in pigs blood, it is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and prosperity. The split rattan produces a fluted or grooved appearance. Ifugao workers improved their economic condition, and disparities in wealth were not very significant. Songs about love became popular during the American occupation, and some have adopted common tunes like the Leron, Leron Sinta.. 1929. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. Carabaos butchered in prestigious feasts are bought from the lowlands. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. Area of northern Luzon, Philippines is used for carrying babies break down the of! Spirits ; yet, there are perhaps more bu & # x27 ; lul outside Ifugao... By traditional politicians warrior is killed, the right hand giving the downward stroke, the gangsa gangha! And ifugao culture slideshare of irrigation are similar and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin backward! Of Ifugao natives were recruited to play Montagnard Indians in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse now among all ethnic in! 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